Klimatmötet och digital distribution

by Daniel 7. december 2009 18:16

Idag kör alltså klimatmötet igång i Köpenhamn. För en tid sedan skrev jag en vetenskaplig artikel betitlad “Environmental Impacts of the Digital Music Revolution – Sustainability and the Music Industry” där jag tittade på huruvida digital distribution är positivt eller inte för miljöns hållbarhet jämfört med fysisk produktion och distribution. Jag försökte titta på hela musikindustrin, men fokuserade rätt mycket på skivbolagen. Abstractet lyder:

As questions concerning environmental sustainability are getting more and more prioritized at a global level, there is also a growing need for an increased understanding of how Information and Communication Technologies are influencing entertainment industries, specifically the impact that new distribution mechanisms are having on greenhouse gas emissions, material flows and resource productivity. This study investigates research that has been done specifically on digital music distribution and environmental sustainability. The study suggests that digital music distribution has had a positive impact on the environment, but that the largest impact is probably yet to come, and will not necessarily be positive in the future. The study also shows that there is still much research to be done to fully understand how the paradigm shift from tangible entertainment products to digital distribution is influencing environmental sustainability.

(För den som eventuellt vill ha en kopia av artikeln går det bra att skicka ett litet mail)

Nicklas Lundblad skrev i ett blogginlägg: Den kritiske skulle på marginalen kunna påpeka att det dessutom innebär en miljöförlust: återgången till att köpa DVD-skivor är en återgång till ett mindre miljövänligt konsumtionsmönster med större inbyggda transaktionskostnader, och därmed också till en med nödvändighet annan, högre prisbild. Hela framsteget med digital distribution raderas därmed i princip ut.

Faktum är att det finns studier som tyder på att digital distribution inte alls nödvändigtvis innebär en mindre påfrestning på miljön, snarare tvärtom (se t.ex. Türk V., 2003). Det är mycket svårt att jämföra hur mycket energi som krävs för att jag ska lyssna på en låt på Spotify eller se en film på Voddler men det är fullt möjligt, kanske t.o.m. troligt, att en P2P streaming-on-demand-approach till digital distribution faktiskt är mer resurskrävande ur ett energiperspektiv än produktion och distribution av CD- och DVD-skivor. Allt beror på HUR den digitala distributionen sker.

I en situation där jag laddar ned en mängd paket från många olika peerer krävs att en stor mängd apparater står och snurrar. En dålig uppkoppling, som t.ex. mobilt bredband, innebär dessutom att tiden som behövs blir en avgörande faktor för mängden energi som behövs i samband med nedladdning från P2P-tjänster som t.ex.  Headweb och Ameibo. Den genomsnittlige användaren har igång Spotify 94 minuter per dag enligt tjänsten själva, och man kan fundera på om Spotify som tjänst faktiskt har ökat mängden tid vi har igång våra hemdatorer? Den mest miljövänliga modellen synes vara a la carte downloads från en tjänst som t.ex. iTunes för uppspelning lokalt på digitala musikspelare snarare än streaming-on-demand-tjänster. I mitt paper gör jag därför bl.a. följande tre små slutsatser:

• Digital delivery of music has had a positive effect on the environmental sustainability, but the largest impact is probably yet to come. The effect will not necessarily be positive on the short term, when music listening is moving from the copy paradigm to the access paradigm,
• The music industry associations have not set up any general sustainability goals for the industry as a whole,
• Some companies within the music industry have begun to work towards sustainability goals set up by themselves, although it is still in early stages.

Som sagt, det finns mycket mer forskning att göra om man verkligen vill ha ett vattenfast empiriskt underlag, men vi ska nog inte ta för givet att digital distribution alltid innebär en miljövinst.

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2009-12-07 22:06:45 #

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2009-12-08 00:06:31 #

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Kul att någon tittar på det lite mer konkret! Kan man kanske dra slutsatsen att artificiell knapphet går hand i hand med onödig resursförbrukning?

Utöver strömmen är väl tillverkningsprocessen en stor del av resursförbrukningen, och ju det borde finnas en del besparingar att göra där när datorer ersätter stereon (för oss icke-audiofiler). Dessutom tänker jag att potentialen att effektivisera strömförbrukningen är många gånger större än potentialen att effektivisera CD/DVD-distributionen. Minns jag rätt drar min lilla eee-PC-box typ en tiondel så mycket som min reguljära dator, och då känns det ju rätt OK att låta den stå på.

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Ja, det finns så otroligt många variabler att ta med om man försöker räkna på det, det blir näst intill omöjligt och det är precis som du säger, i takt med att våra apparater blir alltmer strömsnåla så minskar ju problemet successivt. Men det intressanta i t.ex. Türks studie var att det värsta digitala scenariot, dålig uppkoppling, P2P-nedladdning etc, visade sig vara rejält mycket sämre än traditionell CD-produktion inklusive fysisk distribution och även då transporten av kund till butik. Som sagt, det blir ju väldigt hypotetiska beräkningar och det finns många mycket värre miljöbovar, men jag tyckte ändå det var rätt kul att gå igenom den forskning som gjorts för att få en liten bild av det.

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Daniel Johansson

Jag är industridoktorand i datavetenskap och forskar kring hur musikindustrin påverkas av det teknikskifte som just nu sker, främst när det gäller distributionsprocesser. Finns med i det europeiska forskningsprojektet P2P-Next, är VD för IT-företaget Trendmaze, som analyserar musik och media online, samt skriver för musikbranschens nyhetsorgan Musikindustrin.se. 

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